Sejarah Bermulanya Makhluk Bernama 'PENYAKIT'
Kita tak tahu bagaimana ia bermula secara officialnya. Mungkin bermula pada hari penciptaan bumi ini, sebelum Adam diturunkan ke bumi atau berjuta2 tahun dahulu. Tetapi kita boleh mengambil pengetahuan sejauh mana kajian yang dilakukan dan menerima seadanya.
ZAMAN ANTIQUITY
Manusia zaman peradaban purba, beralihnya dari zaman pra sejarah juga mempercayai bahawa terdapatnya bahaya kuman dalam daging babi. Sentimen keagamaan juga membawa kepada keepeecayaan ini terutamanya Jewish dan muslim. Terdapat cacing yang tidak akan mati walau dimasak berjam2 dan dipelihara walau dengan terknologi sekalipun.
Dalam satu tablet kerajaan Akkadian bertarikh 1770 BC, King Zimri-Lim ordered his secretary to write a note to his queen, Shiptu warning her about her servant name Nanna. Nanna is said having suffered of lesions. Shiptu is prohibited from sharing a bed or a chair used by nanna before. So from this, langkah berwaspada about contagious telah bermula sejak zaman awal lagi.
Pengetahuan tentang wabak anjing gila juga dapat diketahui di zaman Babylonian lagi melalui rekod Code Eshnunna, satu legal document written around 2,300 BC. While epilepsy recorded on Akkadian tablet from 2000 BC, describe bahawa epilepsy berlaku apabila leher berpaling ke arah kiri, tangan dan kaki are tense, froth (air liur) flowing from mouth and diri menjadi hilang kesedaran. Widespread fear that epilepsy is caused by Jupiter (zaman purba dahulu believe that that star is has devil power), or disebabkan juga by demonic possesion.
Demonic related to epilepsy also stated in Egypt papyrus, earliest medical texts. Papyrus itu was said di temui pada kaki sebuah mumia di Assassif area, sebuah daerah bandar purba, presented to the Firaun Pertama iaitu Den, reign start 2970 bc.
What is said in Ebers Papyrus are about how disease start from the section of the body. It concentrates mainly of the belly, partcular disebabkan by worms. Ia beritahu juga about anus. Namun beberapa disease sukar untuk dikenal pasti kerana terma spesificnya masih kabur.
ZAMAN KEGELAPAN DAN PERTENGAHAN
Zaman ini masyarakat Mesir percaya bahawa penyakit yang terjadi adalah disebabkan terdapat unsur 'supernatural' or mistik or spirit as stated in their ancient manuscript 'sesuatu from outside entering the body, which is either God or death. Book of medical texts possibly written for King Alfred (871-899), Bald's Leechbook, yang disusun secara traditional dari head to foot, memisahkan penyakit mengikut kategori dalaman dan luaran.
Buku ini mengandungi 19 remedi untuk penyakit mata, disebabkan kecederaan & infections. Satu remedi itu ialah mengubati dengan hati itik dengan memakannya setelah menitiskan ke dalam mata jus dari daging itu. Look like hocus pocus but it can explain that the liver would supply of vitamin A, yang mana mata disebabkan oleh rabun malam.
Apabila berlakunya perang, serangan tiga serangkai Ini kerap terjadi, wabak, kelaparan dan perang. Perang menjadikan tanah2 ladang tidak dapat diusahakan dan penghasilan dimusnahkan. Kemusnahan ini akan mengakibatkan kelaparan, dan manusia yang kelaparan pasti mudah terkena wabak. Penyakit adalah gangguan kepada manusia. Dan hasil kelaparan terjadi akibat gangguan daripada tanaman dan ternakan yang rosak disebabkan samada oleh cuaca atau serangan bacteria.
Serangan kebuluran terbesar pada 1315, adalah yang paling buruk pernah dialami, hasil dari hujan yang turun berterusan diikuti dengan kelembapan yang jarang berlaku. Manusia start to eating grass, dogs even each other. Death is followed by disease like typhus, penyakit di kawasan urban yang kotor with poor sanitation, caused by the bacterium salmonella typhi. Symptoms include sakit di bahagian perut, pening yang kerap, high fever dan terdapat ruam di dada dan abdomen. Fatal case around 20% but can be higher if other disease are at work, make human body weak due to malnutrition.
Dalam badan manusia ada mempunyai kutu. Dan thypus berlaku akibat dari penyerebakkan oleh kutu pada pakaian manusia melalui pakaian jenis cotton and wool yg dipakai. Bila kutu pada badan manusia memakan kutu pakaian maka ia menjadi infected, dan melalui sentuhan ia akan spread to other human body. Sebab itu kita advised basuh dulu new chothes before wear it.
Disease divided two forms, one is convulsive, menderita pada sistem saraf dan gangrenous, kesan kepada sistem cardiovascular yang menyebabkan sesetengah badan memgalami kematian pada tisu badan.
Gangrene dapat dikesan melalui berasa itching (gatal2) pada kaki seolah berasa ada serangga yang bite. While symptons convulsive ialah termasuk anxienty (perasaan bimbang), bunyi bising di telinga, rasa seperti digigit. Anggota badan berkontraksi secara konkrit, which produce staggering, merenggut, dan lain2 pergerakan berlaku secara pantas. Gangrene juga possibility tinggalkan kesan yang more worst, produce psikosis, hallucinations and even more serious mental problems.
Leprosy is the most feared disease of High Middle Ages. In Eropah this is sinner. First appeared in Egypt. Start appeared in Europe is at early Roman period. Found skeleton proved had leprosy even the rangka not belong to native but possibility the army from Roman who buried there, yang ada leprosy.
Army is always look as carrier or disease, along with merchants, sailors, merchants, because they have direct contact with plague.
Two main leprosy, tuberculosis or white leprosy, produces mild joints pain and pale skin, while most dangerous is lepromatous leprosy, effect the voice, pernafasan as kuda, pandangan yang tidak berkelip, apabila berjalan, kaki selalu tersadung. Lepers or leprosy akan loss the sensation on their skin and muscles, fingers, beside the hearing also affected.
Lepers akan disisih masyarakat. Forbidden come to church, markets or public places. Fear of contagion, they not allowed to touch anyone except other lepers, forbidden to eat with anyone, even sharing the plate and glass except other lepers and not wash hands at the stream.
In 1167, lepers would not permitted to marry in England, inherit any money or land. They could have sex with only their spouse and if they stay at home and still lived, they forbidden from go outside without wearing their smock (tudung muka just nampak mata) and carrying their bells yang sangkut kat leher, so itu menandakan bahawa mereka adalah lepers.
Lazar houses is a house for people with contaminated disease such as leprosy, as part of church charity. Lepers not only for ordinary people, Jerusalem even had a leper king Baldwin IV (1174-1185).
Wabak melanda Itali pada 1347 dikatakan sebagai Black Death kerana ianya wabak pandemik. Bermula pabila kapal2 yang tiba di Sicily penuh with dead bodies dying of strange illness. Sailors had bisul in neck, ketiak, menderita demam, sakit yang teruk dan died within days. Disease then spread from ships into town and people began to dying.
Arab historian, Ibnu Al-Wardi yang menyaksikan sendiri wabak itu di Aleppo sekaligus menjangkiti beliau sehingga membawa kepada kematiannya, sempat mencatat bahawa wabak ini telah bermula 15 tahun yang lampau di wilayah kegelapan. Wilayah itu dimaksudkan Ialah di Mongolia. Ini mean that plague telah mengganas di Central Asia lebih awal, early 1330s.
Pope Clement sendiri bersetuju bahawa wabak ini adalah hukuman daripada Tuhan. Maka menyedari bahawa they going to die, they spent little time in drinking and dancing and be merry, for tomorrow we die.
Some theory said that the miasma (perudaraan yang tercemar dan berbau busuk) was responsible. Foul air could disseminate (menyebarkan) disease, as the thought of Hippocrates.
Idea daripada pakar terpelajar Arab, Ibnu Abu Madyan, mencetuskan pemikiran baru apabila beliau menguji dirinya sendiri dengan memisahkan dirinya dari menyebarkan penyakit. Beliau mengunci dirinya dalam rumah, had enough food and drink. Caranya berkesan, beliau jauh dari terkena wabak dan menyebarkan wabak. Taktik pemisahan ini survived to the present day dan used widespread. Later plague, in 1377, the City of moden day Dubrovnik insisted that ships coming from Venice and elsehwere should be kept in the harbour (pelabuhan) for 30 days, which now in modern world called, Quarantine. See how genius Arab people.
Also Arabic doctor Ibnu Al Khatib (1313-1374) was almost alone, if not later approved, that the plague was contagious (berjangkit). Gelombang jangkitan ini berlaku dengan kehadiran merchants, ships and sailors, which was spread easily the disease. He noted that people who's stayed as nomads in tent remained healthy during pandemik.
Satu kesan besar dicapai akibat from Black Death is invention of Quarantine. Historian GM Trevelyn also commented that plague is one revolution, without them there's no Renaissance and with no Renaissance,no industrial revolution.
ZAMAN KEGELAPAN DAN PERTENGAHAN
Zaman ini masyarakat Mesir percaya bahawa penyakit yang terjadi adalah disebabkan terdapat unsur 'supernatural' or mistik or spirit as stated in their ancient manuscript 'sesuatu from outside entering the body, which is either God or death. Book of medical texts possibly written for King Alfred (871-899), Bald's Leechbook, yang disusun secara traditional dari head to foot, memisahkan penyakit mengikut kategori dalaman dan luaran.
Buku ini mengandungi 19 remedi untuk penyakit mata, disebabkan kecederaan & infections. Satu remedi itu ialah mengubati dengan hati itik dengan memakannya setelah menitiskan ke dalam mata jus dari daging itu. Look like hocus pocus but it can explain that the liver would supply of vitamin A, yang mana mata disebabkan oleh rabun malam.
Apabila berlakunya perang, serangan tiga serangkai Ini kerap terjadi, wabak, kelaparan dan perang. Perang menjadikan tanah2 ladang tidak dapat diusahakan dan penghasilan dimusnahkan. Kemusnahan ini akan mengakibatkan kelaparan, dan manusia yang kelaparan pasti mudah terkena wabak. Penyakit adalah gangguan kepada manusia. Dan hasil kelaparan terjadi akibat gangguan daripada tanaman dan ternakan yang rosak disebabkan samada oleh cuaca atau serangan bacteria.
Serangan kebuluran terbesar pada 1315, adalah yang paling buruk pernah dialami, hasil dari hujan yang turun berterusan diikuti dengan kelembapan yang jarang berlaku. Manusia start to eating grass, dogs even each other. Death is followed by disease like typhus, penyakit di kawasan urban yang kotor with poor sanitation, caused by the bacterium salmonella typhi. Symptoms include sakit di bahagian perut, pening yang kerap, high fever dan terdapat ruam di dada dan abdomen. Fatal case around 20% but can be higher if other disease are at work, make human body weak due to malnutrition.
Dalam badan manusia ada mempunyai kutu. Dan thypus berlaku akibat dari penyerebakkan oleh kutu pada pakaian manusia melalui pakaian jenis cotton and wool yg dipakai. Bila kutu pada badan manusia memakan kutu pakaian maka ia menjadi infected, dan melalui sentuhan ia akan spread to other human body. Sebab itu kita advised basuh dulu new chothes before wear it.
Disease divided two forms, one is convulsive, menderita pada sistem saraf dan gangrenous, kesan kepada sistem cardiovascular yang menyebabkan sesetengah badan memgalami kematian pada tisu badan.
Gangrene dapat dikesan melalui berasa itching (gatal2) pada kaki seolah berasa ada serangga yang bite. While symptons convulsive ialah termasuk anxienty (perasaan bimbang), bunyi bising di telinga, rasa seperti digigit. Anggota badan berkontraksi secara konkrit, which produce staggering, merenggut, dan lain2 pergerakan berlaku secara pantas. Gangrene juga possibility tinggalkan kesan yang more worst, produce psikosis, hallucinations and even more serious mental problems.
Leprosy is the most feared disease of High Middle Ages. In Eropah this is sinner. First appeared in Egypt. Start appeared in Europe is at early Roman period. Found skeleton proved had leprosy even the rangka not belong to native but possibility the army from Roman who buried there, yang ada leprosy.
Army is always look as carrier or disease, along with merchants, sailors, merchants, because they have direct contact with plague.
Two main leprosy, tuberculosis or white leprosy, produces mild joints pain and pale skin, while most dangerous is lepromatous leprosy, effect the voice, pernafasan as kuda, pandangan yang tidak berkelip, apabila berjalan, kaki selalu tersadung. Lepers or leprosy akan loss the sensation on their skin and muscles, fingers, beside the hearing also affected.
Lepers akan disisih masyarakat. Forbidden come to church, markets or public places. Fear of contagion, they not allowed to touch anyone except other lepers, forbidden to eat with anyone, even sharing the plate and glass except other lepers and not wash hands at the stream.
In 1167, lepers would not permitted to marry in England, inherit any money or land. They could have sex with only their spouse and if they stay at home and still lived, they forbidden from go outside without wearing their smock (tudung muka just nampak mata) and carrying their bells yang sangkut kat leher, so itu menandakan bahawa mereka adalah lepers.
Lazar houses is a house for people with contaminated disease such as leprosy, as part of church charity. Lepers not only for ordinary people, Jerusalem even had a leper king Baldwin IV (1174-1185).
Wabak melanda Itali pada 1347 dikatakan sebagai Black Death kerana ianya wabak pandemik. Bermula pabila kapal2 yang tiba di Sicily penuh with dead bodies dying of strange illness. Sailors had bisul in neck, ketiak, menderita demam, sakit yang teruk dan died within days. Disease then spread from ships into town and people began to dying.
Arab historian, Ibnu Al-Wardi yang menyaksikan sendiri wabak itu di Aleppo sekaligus menjangkiti beliau sehingga membawa kepada kematiannya, sempat mencatat bahawa wabak ini telah bermula 15 tahun yang lampau di wilayah kegelapan. Wilayah itu dimaksudkan Ialah di Mongolia. Ini mean that plague telah mengganas di Central Asia lebih awal, early 1330s.
Pope Clement sendiri bersetuju bahawa wabak ini adalah hukuman daripada Tuhan. Maka menyedari bahawa they going to die, they spent little time in drinking and dancing and be merry, for tomorrow we die.
Some theory said that the miasma (perudaraan yang tercemar dan berbau busuk) was responsible. Foul air could disseminate (menyebarkan) disease, as the thought of Hippocrates.
Idea daripada pakar terpelajar Arab, Ibnu Abu Madyan, mencetuskan pemikiran baru apabila beliau menguji dirinya sendiri dengan memisahkan dirinya dari menyebarkan penyakit. Beliau mengunci dirinya dalam rumah, had enough food and drink. Caranya berkesan, beliau jauh dari terkena wabak dan menyebarkan wabak. Taktik pemisahan ini survived to the present day dan used widespread. Later plague, in 1377, the City of moden day Dubrovnik insisted that ships coming from Venice and elsehwere should be kept in the harbour (pelabuhan) for 30 days, which now in modern world called, Quarantine. See how genius Arab people.
Also Arabic doctor Ibnu Al Khatib (1313-1374) was almost alone, if not later approved, that the plague was contagious (berjangkit). Gelombang jangkitan ini berlaku dengan kehadiran merchants, ships and sailors, which was spread easily the disease. He noted that people who's stayed as nomads in tent remained healthy during pandemik.
Satu kesan besar dicapai akibat from Black Death is invention of Quarantine. Historian GM Trevelyn also commented that plague is one revolution, without them there's no Renaissance and with no Renaissance,no industrial revolution.
Comments
Post a Comment